Discovering the Catacombs of Rome: A Journey Through History

Strolling through the streets of Rome, it's easy to feel dazzled by the grandeur of its ancient architecture, with relics from the mighty Roman Empire woven into every corner. Yet, beneath the bustling city lies a hidden world: a vast network of burial chambers, tunnels and crypts where persecuted Christians sought refuge. Deep underground, the vast catacombs served both as burial sites and sanctuaries for the forbidden practice of Christianity within the city. In these dark subterranean spaces, history comes alive through cryptic frescoes and sacred relics, offering a fascinating insight into a secret world where spirituality and survival intertwined. 

Back in the 1st century, Rome's population was rapidly expanding and land for traditional burials became increasingly sparse. While the pagan Romans cremated their deceased, Christians preferred burial over cremation due to their beliefs in the resurrection of the body. When it was no longer permitted for bodies to be buried within the city walls, they turned to underground cemeteries. Primarily used from the 2nd to 5th centuries, these catacombs allowed them to carry out Christian burials in accordance with their beliefs while avoiding the scrutiny of the Roman authorities.
 

As well as being burial chambers, the catacombs became a place for early Christians to practise their religion in a safe communal space. For several centuries, Christianity was banned in ancient Rome as it posed a threat to the social and religious order. The monotheistic Christians refused to worship the Roman gods and the emperor, which was seen as an act of defiance and potential treason. The secretive subterranean tombs, often decorated with intricate frescoes and inscriptions, became symbols of hope and resilience for a persecuted faith.

More than 50 catacombs have been discovered beneath the city of Rome, linked by 150km of tunnels. However, only a handful have been excavated and are open to the public. While the Catacombs of Domitilla and Saint Callixtus are among the most famous, other lesser-known sites are also worth exploring for their unique features and histories.

The Catacombs of Domitilla are one of the largest and oldest catacombs in Rome, stretching for 15km and dating back to the 2nd century. They were created on the private burial grounds of Flavia Domitilla, a member of the wealthy Flavia family and niece of Emperor Domitian. Highlights include the Cubiculum of the Velati, a room adorned with exquisite Christian frescoes including a depiction of the Good Shepherd, and the Church of Saints Nereus and Achilleus, a 4th-century structure dedicated to two martyred Roman soldiers. The tombs of the two saints are an important pilgrimage site.

• Via delle Sette Chiese
• Open: 9am-12pm, 2-6pm Wed-Mon
• Tickets cost €10 (€7 for children and students) and can be bought on site

Founded at the end of the 2nd century, the Catacombs of Saint Callixtus are among the most significant in Rome. They were named after Pope Calixtus I and became the official underground cemetery of the early Roman Church. Within the 20 km of tunnels are the famous Crypts of the Pope, where archaeologists have discovered the tombs of 16 popes, numerous martyrs and thousands of Christians, decorated with intricate frescoes and religious symbols. St. Cecilia, the patron saint of music, was buried here before her body was moved to the Basilica di Santa Cecilia in Trastevere. When exhumed in 1599, her body was reportedly perfectly preserved.

• Via Appia Antica 110
• Open: 9am-12pm, 2-5pm Thu-Tue
• Book online for tickets, which cost €10 (€7 for children and students).

Beneath the Basilica di San Sebastiano lie the city's original catacombs. Dating back to the 1st century, they offered refuge for the remains of saints Peter and Paul during the reign of Emperor Vespasian. While the first level is largely destroyed, the second level features frescoes, stucco work and three well-preserved mausoleums. The basilica above houses one of the arrows said to have killed St. Sebastian, along with a marble bust of Jesus by Gian Lorenzo Bernini dating back to 1679.

• Via Appia Antica 136
• Open 10am-7pm daily. Closed 25 Nov-22 Dec
• Book online for tickets, which cost €10 (€7 for children and students)

For a more off-the-beaten-track experience, the Catacombs of Priscilla are known for their beautiful frescoes dating back to the 2nd century. Known as the "Queen of the Catacombs", they are located 35m underground and contain about 40,000 burials, including six popes. Important features include the Cubicle of the Velata, with Old Testament redemption scenes; the Greek Chapel, representing the Eucharistic act of breaking bread; and the earliest known depiction of the Virgin Mary with baby Jesus. These catacombs are historically significant due to their association with early Christian martyrs and their artistic treasures. They also contain the tomb of Saint Priscilla, after whom the catacombs are named.

• Via Salaria 430
• Open 9am-1pm, 2pm-7pm Tue-Sun
• Tickets cost €10 (€7 for children and students)

Reaching the catacombs is relatively easy, thanks to Rome's efficient public transport system. Most catacombs are accessible via Metro and bus. Consider purchasing a day pass for public transport if you plan to visit multiple sites.
 

The Catacombs of Domitilla, Saint Callixtus and San Sebastiano are all located in the south of the city, while the Catacombs of Priscilla are to the north, close to the Mercure Rome Corso Trieste. The centrally located Sofitel Roma Villa Borghese makes an excellent base for visiting them all.

While exploring the catacombs independently can be rewarding, consider joining a guided tour for a more enriching experience. Professional guides provide context and insights that enhance your understanding of the history and significance of each site. Tours are available in several languages, but are typically in English, and the guides share fascinating anecdotes about early Christian practices, the significance of the artwork and the stories of those buried within. Dress appropriately, as the temperature in the catacombs is cooler than above ground (15-17°C) and wear comfortable shoes for walking through narrow passages.

While exploring the catacombs is generally safe, be mindful of low ceilings and uneven surfaces. Follow the guide’s instructions and stay within designated areas to ensure a safe experience.

A visit to the catacombs can easily fit into a broader day of sightseeing. Start your day at the Colosseum, where the grandeur of ancient Rome sets the stage for your journey. From there, head to the nearby Roman Forum and Palatine Hill to delve deeper into Rome's history.
 

After your morning of exploration, take a break at a local café for a taste of authentic Roman cuisine. Once you’re recharged, make your way to the catacombs, immersing yourself in the spiritual and historical significance of these underground marvels.

After visiting the catacombs, consider stopping by the Basilica di San Clemente, a fascinating layered church that showcases Rome’s architectural evolution over the centuries. Another option is to explore the Appian Way, one of the oldest roads in Rome, lined with ancient ruins, tombs and stunning countryside views.

Exploring the catacombs of Rome offers a fascinating insight into the city's early Christian history, revealing the resilience and faith of those who came before us. From the majestic Catacombs of Domitilla and Saint Callixtus to the hidden treasures of the Catacombs of Priscilla, each site provides an opportunity to connect with the past in a profound way.
 

As you wander through these underground sanctuaries, you'll not only discover the stories of ancient Rome but also gain a deeper appreciation for the city's rich cultural heritage. For a further foray into history, art and spirituality, read about the catacombs of Paris.